Barriers and Incentives to the Adoption of ISO 14001 by Firms in the United States

This paper summarizes four novel advanced antenna concepts explored in the framework of the WINNER+ project. The concepts are related to multiuser MIMO communication in cellular networks, focusing on the acquisition and application of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter in time-division-duplex (TDD) mode. The concepts include new ideas for CSI modeling and sounding for the purposes of multiuser precoding, and methods for pilot signal design with the aim to support the estimation of different CSI quantities. Furthermore, a new relaying strategy for terminal-to-terminal communication is described. All the ideas are feasible for adoption into practical upcoming communication systems such as LTE-Advanced, and most of the proposed concepts have only a minor impact on standards. Our study indicates that the CSI at its best is not only about estimating the channel responses between different antenna pairs. What counts is the nature of the intended communication link as well as the form in which CSI is applied.QC 20111102</p

School achievement in adolescence and the risk of mental disorders in early adulthood : a Finnish nationwide register study

School grades in adolescence have been linked to later psychiatric outcomes, but large-scale nationwide studies across the spectrum of mental disorders are scarce. In the present study, we examined the risk of a wide array of mental disorders in adulthood, as well as the risk of comorbidity, associated with school achievement in adolescence. We used population-based cohort data comprising all individuals born in Finland over the period 1980–2000 (N = 1,070,880) who were followed from age 15 or 16 until a diagnosis of mental disorder, emigration, death, or December 2017, whichever came first. Final grade average from comprehensive school was the exposure, and the first diagnosed mental disorder in a secondary healthcare setting was the outcome. The risks were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified Cox proportional hazard models within strata of full-siblings, and multinomial regression models. The cumulative incidence of mental disorders was estimated using competing risks regression. Better school achievement was associated with a smaller risk of all subsequent mental disorders and comorbidity, except for eating disorders, where better school achievement was associated with a higher risk. The largest associations were observed between school achievement and substance use disorders. Overall, individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations below average had an absolute risk of 39.6% of a later mental disorder diagnosis. By contrast, for individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations above average, the absolute risk of a later mental disorder diagnosis was 15.7%. The results show that the largest mental health burden accumulates among those with the poorest school achievement in adolescence.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

InDEx – Industrial Data Excellence

InDEx, the Industrial Data Excellence program, was created to investigate what industrial data can be collected, shared, and utilized for new intelligent services in high-performing, reliable and secure ways, and how to accomplish that in practice in the Finnish manufacturing industry.InDEx produced several insights into data in an industrial environment, collecting data, sharing data in the value chain and in the factory environment, and utilizing and manipulating data with artificial intelligence. Data has an important role in the future in an industrial context, but data sources and utilization mechanisms are more diverse than in cases related to consumer data. Experiences in the InDEx cases showed that there is great potential in data utili zation.Currently, successful business cases built on data sharing are either company-internal or utilize an existing value chain. The data market has not yet matured, and third-party offerings based on public and private data sources are rare. In this program, we tried out a framework that aimed to securely and in a controlled manner share data between organizations. We also worked to improve the contractual framework needed to support new business based on shared data, and we conducted a study of applicable business models. Based on this, we searched for new data-based opportunities within the project consortium. The vision of data as a tradeable good or of sharing with external partners is still to come true, but we believe that we have taken steps in the right direction.The program started in fall 2019 and ended in April 2022. The program faced restrictions caused by COVID-19, which had an effect on the intensity of the work during 2020 and 2021, and the program was extended by one year. Because of meeting restrictions, InDEx collaboration was realized through online meetings. We learned to work and collaborate using digital tools and environments. Despite the mentioned hindrances, and thanks to Business Finland’s flexibility, the extension time made it possible for most of the planned goals to be achieved.This report gives insights in the outcomes of the companies’ work within the InDEx program. DIMECC InDEx is the first finalized program by the members of the Finnish Advanced Manufacturing Network (FAMN, www.famn.fi).</p

Työssäoppimisjaksojen kehittäminen vartijan peruskoulutuksessa Virossa

Kehittämishankkeen tarkoitus oli kehittää Viron vartijan peruskoulutuksen työssäoppimisjaksoja. Tutkimuksen kohdejoukkona olivat Sisekaitseakadeemian vartijan peruskoulutuksen päiväopiskelijat sekä koulutusvankiloiden harjoittelunohjaajat ja aktiiviset perehdyttäjät. Empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla pyrittiin löytämään selkeitä kehittämiskohteita, joiden tehostamisella voitaisiin parantaa työssäoppimisjaksojen laatua ja tukea täydellistä oppimista. Tutkimus oli kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, joka suoritettiin sähköisenä tutkimuslomakekyselynä. Tutkimus sisälsi myös kvantitatiivista aineistoa. Tutkimusotteena oli kehittävän työntutkimus. Teoreettiseen viitekehykseen sisällytettiin pedagogiikan, didaktiikan ja työssäoppimisen teoriaa kognitiivisen oppimiskäsityksen ollessa vallitsevana käsityksenä työssäoppimisprosessin toteutuksessa. Tutkimustuloksiin haettiin selitystä teoriasta sekä aikaisemmista tutkimuksista työssäoppimisesta. Vertailtavina tutkimuksina oli kolme akateemista väitöskirjaa, yksi pro gradu ja yksi alemman ammattikorkeakoulun lopputyö työssäoppimisesta. Samankaltaisia tutkimustuloksia havaittiin aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa, erityisesti vuonna 2009 Suomessa tehdyssä saman ammattialan tutkimuksessa Työssäoppiminen osana vankeinhoidon perustutkintoa. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa koostui Sisekaitseakadeemian vartijakoulutuksen päiväopiskelijoille suoritetusta kyselystä (n=8) sekä koulutusvankiloiden harjoittelunohjaajille ja perehdyttäjille (n=18) suoritetusta kyselystä. Nämä yhdessä muodostivat tutkimuksen primaarisen aineiston, joka kerättiin ja analysoitiin Webropolin datan analysointi- ja kyselytyökalulla. Myös kyselyn kirjalliset vastaukset analysoitiin ja luokiteltiin. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli löytää harjoittelujaksoilla työssäoppimisen toteutukseen liittyviä kehittämiskohteita ja saada ne toteutettaviksi mahdollisimman laaja-alaisesti työssäoppimisprosessissa. Keskeisinä tutkimustuloksina voitiin mainita mm. että palautekeskustelujen pitämiseen ja haasteellisten oppimistehtävien luomiseen olisi kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota. Työssäoppimisprosessia ja siihen liittyviä pedagogisia ja didaktisia ratkaisuja olisi tehtävä tunnetuksi toiminnassa mukana oleville virkamiehille. Tähän liittyen kaivattiin täydennyskoulutusta työssäoppimisjaksojen toteutukseen. Kommunikaatioon vaikuttavina tekijöinä havaittiin mm. perehdyttäjien ja harjoittelunohjaajien aito kiire ja työmäärä virkatöissä sekä osan henkilöstön negatiivinen suhtautuminen harjoittelijaan. Harjoittelijalta kaivattiin enemmän ennakkotietoa tai osaamista perehdytettävästä asiasta; esille nousi venäjän kielen huono taito. Huomioitavana seikkana mainittiin myös arvostuksen puute työssäoppimisprosessia ja sen toteutusta kohtaan. Harjoittelunohjaajat ja perehdyttäjät kaipasivat myös lisää yhteistyötä Sisekaitseakadeemian ja koulutusvankiloiden välille. Kehittämisehdotuksina nostettiin esille mm. perehdytyspassin käyttöönotto, yhtenäisen harjoitteluohjelman laatiminen ja IVA- portaalin laaja-alainen käyttäminen myös harjoittelunohjaajille sekä aktiivisille ja koulutetuille perehdyttäjille. Esille nousi myös perehdytystyöstä maksettava erillinen korvaus ja täydennyskoulutuksen tarjoaminen pedagogiikan ja didaktiikan teorioista sekä työssäoppimisprosessin toteutuksesta.Developing on-the-job learning in basic prison officer training in Estonia The purpose of the development project was to develop the on-the-job learning periods of the basic prison officer training in Estonia. The target groups were the day students in basic prison officer training at Sisekaitseakadeemia (Estonian Academy of Security Sciences) as well as the tutors and instructors in the training prisons. The empirical study aimed at identifying specific areas of development, so that the quality of the on-the-job learning periods could be enhanced and complete learning achieved. The qualitative study was carried out with the help of an electronic questionnaire survey. The research also included literary questions that yielded qualitative data. The adopted approach was developmental work research. The theoretical framework included theories on pedagogy, didactics, and on-the-job training (OJT), with cognitive learning theory governing the OJT learning process. The results were explained through theory and previous studies on OJT learning. We compared three doctorate theses, one university graduate thesis and one university of applied sciences bachelor’s degree thesis on the same area oi research. Previous studies, especially a study carried out in the same field in Finland in 2009, had yielded similar results. The empirical part of the study consisted of the questionnaire surveys directed at the day students in basic prison officer training at Sisekaitseakadeemia (n=8) and the tutors and instructors in the training prisons (n=18). These provided the primary data, gathered and analysed using the Webropol data analysis and survey tool. The literary data was analysed and categorized by us. The main purpose was to reveal areas in the implementation of the OJT learning that needed development and to spread the development throughout the OJT learning process. The main research results were that feedback discussions and creating challenging learning assignments require special attention. The OJT learning process and the pedagogical and didactic solutions thereof need to be better introduced to the personnel involved. Continuing education and training for carrying out the OJT periods was requested. Factors affecting communication, among other things, were the high workloads of the tutors and instructors as well as the negative attitudes some of the personnel had towards the trainees. As concerns the trainees, the tutors and instructors expressed a wish for more preknowledge and skills in prison work, e.g. in the Russian language. The lack of appreciation towards the OJT learning process and its realisation was pointed out. The tutors and instructors also wished for better cooperation between Sisekaitseakadeemia and the training prisons. Ideas for development were implementing a so-called tutoring pass, compiling a uniform training programme, the widespread use of the IVA portal for the tutors and instructors in order to carry out the OJT learning periods, special monetary compensation for tutoring, and available continuous education and training on pedagogy and didactics and the realisation of the OJT learning process

Uutta pontta työn kehittämiseen : toimintakäsikirja Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmäkodille

Komulainen, Petri. Uutta pontta työn kehittämiseen. Toimintakäsikirja Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmäkodille. Kevät 2014, 96 s., 1 liite. Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, Sosiaalialan koulutusohjelma, sosionomi (AMK). Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli luoda ilman huoltajaa Suomeen tulleita alaikäisiä turva-paikanhakijoita vastaanottavalle ja majoittavalle Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmäkodille selkeä ja helppokäyttöinen toimintakäsikirja. Sen tarkoituksena olisi toimia kirjallisena pohjana ja käytännön ohjeistuksena Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmäkodissa tehtävästä työstä, antaa yksikön johtajalle uusi menetelmä johtamiseen, lisätä yksikössä tehtävän työn läpinäkyvyyttä yhteistyökumppaneille ja toimia kattavana perehdytyskansiona. Toimintakäsikirja julkaistiin Espoon kaupungin sähköisessä SharePoint-ryhmätyötilassa joulukuussa 2013. Toimintakäsikirjan lähdemateriaalina käytettiin luotettavia aiempia tutkimuksia, koulutustilaisuuksia ja henkilökohtaisia tiedonantoja. Toimintakäsikirjan sisältöinä oli esipuhe, toimintaympäristöjen, -periaatteiden ja strategioiden kuvaus, vastaanotto- ja kotouttamistoiminta, johtaminen, mittaaminen ja tulokset, ohjeistukset ja lomakkeet sekä keskeinen sanasto ja käsitteet. Lisäksi toimintakäsikirjaan liitettiin vuoden 2013 työhyvinvointiohjelma. Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmän johtajan ja johtoryhmän arviot toimintakäsikirjasta olivat myönteisiä. Toimintakäsikirjan nähtiin vastaavan sille asetettuihin kriteereihin eli selkeyteen, kattavuuteen ja helppokäyttöisyyteen. Palautekyselyssä oli mukana viisi arviointikysymystä, ja vastaukset kerättiin sähköpostitse Espoon ryhmä- ja perheryhmäkodin johtajalta. Toimintakäsikirjan arvioinnissa työntekijöiden ääni jäi vähäiseksi, joten arviot voitiin nähdä vain suuntaa-antavina. Toiveen toimintakäsikirjan päivittäisestä käytöstä voitiin kuitenkin arvioida toteutuvan ainakin tietyssä määrin, sillä päivityksiä oli jo tehty ja perehdyttämiseenkin toimintakäsikirjaa oli sen julkistamisen jälkeen käytetty. Asiasanat: turvapaikanhakijat, pakolaiset, lapset, alaikäiset, ryhmäkodit, kehittäminenABSTRACT Komulainen, Petri. Fresh inspiration to the development of work. A process manual for the Espoo group and family group home. 96 p., 1 appendix. Language: Finnish. Spring 2014. Diaconia University of Applied Sciences. Degree Programme in Social Services, Option in Social Services and Education. Degree: Bachelor of Social Services. The aim of the thesis was to create a process manual for the Espoo group and family group home that receives and accommodates unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. The process manual was created to give the unit one single document with detailed information about the work carried out in the unit. Other aims were to bring the work more transparency for all partners and the document to serve as a comprehensive introduction folder. The process of the thesis began in the spring of 2013 and came to an end in the spring of 2014. The production was initiated with planning, carried on with execution and ended with assessment. The process manual was released on Espoo’s SharePoint-web application platform in December 2013. Many different forms of sources, e.g. previous studies, courses and personal statements, were used during the production. Foreword, operational environments, principles and strategies, reception and integration operation, management, measuring and results, guidelines and forms and fundamental terms were chosen as main content in the process manual. Work welfare program from the year 2013 was added as an appendix. According to the manager and executive group of the Espoo group and family group home, the process manual was seen to meet the demanded criteria, those being comprehensive, pellucid and easy-to-use. The feedback enquiry had five assessment themed questions in all, and the answers were collected by email. The voice of a regular worker in the Espoo group and family group home did not unfortunately get as much attention it would have earned in the assessment of the process manual. That is why the assessments could be seen only as advisory. Nevertheless, the process manual could be seen as having a meaningful future ahead, as it has already been updated and used as a tool of introduction with new workers. Key words: asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors, group homes, developmen

Facilitating the transition to higher education with a digital pathway

Digitalization is an important enabler for cooperation in teaching between educational levels. Higher education providers, secondary schools and vocational schools now have the means to develop shared learning offerings that harness the power of e-learning. These ventures aim to provide students with flexible learning opportunities that cross borders in the educational system. A key objective is to create a simple path for students transitioning to higher education, reducing the overall time spent in studies before students enter the work market. Study modules in higher education are being brought as a part of secondary and vocational degrees with a digital framework. In the future, higher education institutes need to produce e-learning modules that can be integrated as a part of secondary and vocational degrees. The idea is to lower thresholds in transition to HE. This takes place as students become familiarized with studies in HE at an earlier age, and also acquire some of the skills needed in HE well before entering that stage. These cross-system opportunities are an important part of generating attraction among students finishing their studies and contemplating further education opportunities. Laurea University of Applied Sciences in Finland has been developing a digital pathway for secondary and vocational school students, who are transitioning to higher education. Experiences with the pathway have been positive. In 2016, we started a joint project with the City of Espoo where the framework was brought to the students of the City’s upper secondary schools. Simultaneously, we wanted to investigate the utilization of e-learning tools in learning, student guidance, and other parts that specifically meet the needs of upper secondary schools’ students. The project has provided an opportunity to share experiences and design a descriptive model of teaching co-operation between upper secondary schools and a university of applied sciences. The project also aims to improve the digital competences in teaching staff and the assessment of learning and guidance methods. E-learning provides substantial advantages towards more effective teaching. It also assists in creating flexible learning opportunities for students and can bring the HE learning smorgasbord to upper secondary students, without the limitations of time and place. One aim of the Ministry of Education’s agenda has been to reduce the overall time spent in education. We hope to provide one way to meet the goal. In our framework, a secondary or vocational school student has access to a range of higher education studies. She then takes a sufficient amount of this selection as a part of her degree. When the student later enters a higher education institution, these prior studies are recognized as a part of her HE degree. As a result, we are building a working pathway towards higher education that eases the transition and reduces the total length of the student’s education. Although both secondary and vocational degrees provide eligibility for higher education in Finland, this is no longer sufficient. The demands of the society require new innovations of the educational system to meet national goals in competitiveness. Moreover, our pilot project shows implications that a student’s ability to continue her studies in HE is improved if her previous secondary or vocational degree has encompassed some HE studies

Coordinated multi-antenna techniques for cellular networks:Pilot signaling and decentralized optimization in TDD mode

Abstract This thesis concentrates on the design and evaluation of spatial user multiplexing methods via linear transmit-receive processing for wireless cellular multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems operating in the time-division duplexing (TDD) mode. The main focus is on the acquisition of effective channel state information (CSI) that facilitates decentralized processing so that the network nodes – base stations (BS) and user terminals (UT), each employing an arbitrary number of antenna elements – are able to locally participate in the network adaptation. The proposed methods rely on the uplink-downlink channel reciprocity and spatially precoded over-the-air pilot signaling. Considering (single-cell) multi-user MIMO systems, coordinated zero-forcing transmit-receive processing schemes for the uplink (UL) are proposed. The BS computes the transmission parameters in a centralized manner and employs downlink (DL) pilot signals to convey the information of the beamformers to be used by the UTs. When coexisting with the DL zero-forcing, the precoded DL demodulation pilots can be reused for UL beam allocation, and the precoded UL demodulation pilots are reused in turn for partial channel sounding (CS). As a result, only the precoded pilot symbols are needed in both UL and DL. Moreover, a concept for reducing the number of the required orthogonal UL CS pilot resources is presented. Based on their DL channel knowledge, the multi-antenna UTs form fewer pilot beams by spatial precoding than conventionally needed when transmitting antenna-specific pilots. In the context of DL zero-forcing, when taking into account the CSI estimation error at the BS, the overhead reduction turns out to improve robustness and increase the average system capacity. Considering multi-cell multi-user MIMO systems, decentralized coordinated DL beamforming strategies based on weighted sum rate (WSR) maximization are proposed. An optimization framework where the WSR maximization is carried out via weighted sum mean-squared-error minimization is utilized, and the approach is generalized by employing antenna-specific transmit power constraints. The iterative processing consists of optimization steps that are run locally by the BSs. In one novel strategy, the coordinating cells update their transmit precoders and receivers one cell at a time, which guarantees monotonic convergence of the network-wide problem. The strategy employs separate uplink CS and busy burst pilot signaling to reveal the effective channels of the UTs to the neighboring BSs. In another novel strategy, the monotonic convergence is sacrificed to devise a faster scheme where the BSs are allowed to optimize their variables in parallel based on just the CS responses and additional low-rate backhaul information exchange. The numerical results demonstrate that WSR maximization has the desirable property that spatial user scheduling is carried out implicitly. Finally, methods for UL CS overhead reduction are presented, and the effect of CSI uncertainty is addressed.Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy lineaarisella lähetys- ja vastaanottoprosessoinnilla toteutettavien tilajakomonikäyttömenetelmien suunnitteluun ja arviointiin langattomissa moniantennisissa solukkoverkoissa, jotka hyödyntävät aikajakodupleksointia (TDD). Erityisesti tarkastellaan efektiivisen kanavatiedon hankintaa, joka mahdollistaa hajautetun prosessoinnin siten että verkkoelementit – tukiasemat ja terminaalit, jotka kukin hyödyntävät useaa antennielementtiä – voivat osallistua paikallisesti verkon adaptaatioon. Esitetyt menetelmät perustuvat ylä- ja alalinkin kanavien resiprookkisuuteen ja tilatasossa esikoodattuun opetus- eli pilottisignalointiin ilmarajapinnan yli. Yksisoluisille monikäyttäjä- ja moniantennijärjestelmille esitetään ylälinkin koordinoituja nollaanpakottavia lähetys- ja vastaanottomenetelmiä. Tukiasema laskee lähetysparametrit keskitetysti ja käyttää pilottisignaaleja kertomaan millaista lähetyskeilanmuodostusta terminaalien tulee käyttää. Alalinkin nollaanpakotuksen yhteydessä esikoodattuja demodulaatiopilotteja voidaan uudelleenkäyttää ylälinkin lähetyskeilojen allokointiin, ja esikoodattuja ylälinkin demodulaatiopilotteja uudelleenkäytetään puolestaan osittaiseen kanavan luotaukseen (sounding). Näin ollen molempiin suuntiin tarvitaan vain esikoodatut pilotit. Lisäksi työssä esitetään menetelmä ylälinkin luotauspilottiresurssitarpeen vähentämiseksi. Kanavatietoon perustuen moniantenniset terminaalit muodostavat tilatasossa esikoodattuja pilottilähetyskeiloja, joita tarvitaan vähemmän kuin perinteisiä antennikohtaisia pilotteja. Kun otetaan huomioon kanavanestimointivirhe tukiasemassa, resurssiensäästömenetelmä parantaa häiriösietoisuutta ja nostaa järjestelmän keskimääräistä kapasiteettia alalinkin nollaanpakotuksen yhteydessä. Monisoluisille monikäyttäjä- ja moniantennijärjestelmille esitetään hajautettuja koordinoituja alalinkin keilanmuodostusstrategioita, jotka perustuvat painotetun summadatanopeuden (WSR) maksimointiin. Valitussa optimointikehyksessä WSR:n maksimointi toteutetaan painotetun summaneliövirheen minimoinnin kautta, ja työssä menettelytapa yleistetään antennikohtaisten lähetystehorajoitusten tapaukseen. Iteratiivinen prosessointi koostuu optimointiaskelista, jotka tukiasemat paikallisesti suorittavat. Yhdessä esitetyssä strategiassa yhteistoiminnalliset solut päivittävät lähettimensä ja vastaanottimensa yksi solu kerrallaan, mikä takaa verkonlaajuisen ongelmanratkaisun monotonisen konvergenssin. Tämä strategia käyttää erillisiä ylälinkin luotaussignaaleja sekä varattu-signaaleja ilmaistakseen terminaalien efektiiviset kanavat naapuritukiasemille. Toisessa strategiassa monotoninen konvergenssi uhrataan ja kehitetään nopeammin adaptoituva menetelmä, jossa tukiasemat saavat optimoida muuttujansa rinnakkain, perustuen vain luotaussignaaleihin ja tukiasemien väliseen informaationvaihtoon. Numeeriset tulokset osoittavat, että WSR:n maksimointi toteuttaa aktiivisten käyttäjien valinnan tilatasossa implisiittisesti. Lopuksi esitetään menetelmiä luotauspilottiresurssitarpeen vähentämiseksi ja käsitellään kanavatiedon epävarmuuden vaikutusta

Building bridges between vocational education, upper secondary and higher education : a Common Digital Learning Environment (CDLE)

Finland, the country famed for its education, is seeing a decreasing trend in higher education. The number of students who proceed to higher education has developed a downward trend during the last few years. Also, the length of studies in higher education is longer than in other European countries. The Ministry of the Education and Culture has challenged universities of applied sciences to develop innovative ways to shorten the overall study time. At the same time many students starting their higher educational studies are older than in other European countries. The aim of this study is to describe a development project between Laurea University of Applied Sciences and several vocational education institutes and vocational colleges in Finland's metropolitan area. We have co-created a common digital learning environment which is conceived as an ecosystem - a learning environment consisting of learning tools and components that adhere to common learning goals. In the system, vocational students have the option of taking some studies from Laurea. This gives them a head start in their future university level studies and also helps to bridge the transition. The developed digital learning environment or ecosystem is more focused on learning rather than administration. The purpose of the CDLE has been to shorten overall study time and to give vocational students an option to try higher education studies as a part of their vocational educational studies or studies at college. CDLE- model has shown that it is possible to integrate higher educational studies within vocational studies. This article discusses ways of integrating studies between educational levels via a digital learning ecosystem. In this article, we will present a concrete model of the previously mentioned CDLE. This model is ecological, economical, reachable and student centred. The findings of the project are promising. So far we have opened CDLE for almost all degree programs. In the future we aim to make these digital studies used also for master's level programs. We conclude that there are different ways to shorten study times, intensify studies between levels of degrees and to give a chance to try higher educational studies using digital learning opportunities, such as the common digital learning environment CDLE